West Nile Virus Responsible for Utah Eagle Deaths

Laboratory results have confirmed what officials with the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources have been suspecting: West Nile virus killed the bald eagles that have died in Utah over the past few weeks.

Testing at the Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in Logan, Utah, and the National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, Wisconsin, has definitively ruled out many other possible causes of death, including toxic chemicals or poisons, lead poisoning, bacterial infections and several other viruses, including avian influenza and avian vacuolar myelinopathy.

How did the eagles get West Nile virus?

Officials aren't certain how the eagles got West Nile virus, as the disease typically affects birds (including eagles) during warmer months, when mosquitoes that carry the disease are active.

They think the birds might have contracted the virus after eating infected eared grebes that died recently on Great Salt Lake.

Leslie McFarlane, wildlife disease coordinator for the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (DWR), says more than 2 million eared grebes stop at Great Salt Lake during their winter migration. Almost every year, about one percent of the population that visits the lake dies from a bacterial disease called avian cholera.

"Every time grebes die," she says, "we send some of the dead birds to a laboratory for testing. Usually, avian cholera jumps out as the cause of death. This year, though, the initial laboratory results were not as conclusive. That led us to believe that something else might have killed the grebes this year."

Additional testing on the eared grebes, however, has led to findings that are consistent with what's being found in the bald eagles.

In the winter, bald eagles obtain most of their food by eating dead animals. Since all of the eagles that have died have been within flying distance of the lake, McFarlane thinks the eagles might have contracted West Nile virus after eating grebes that died at the lake from the disease.

No human health concerns

JoDee Baker, epidemiologist with the Utah Department of Health, says people do not need to be concerned; dead grebes and dead eagles do not pose a risk to people.

"People become infected with West Nile virus after being bitten by a mosquito that carries the virus," Baker says. "Although there are other very rare ways you can get the virus, such as receiving contaminated blood or organs from an infected person, mosquitoes are, by far, the most common method of transmission. Since the mosquitoes that transmit West Nile virus aren't active in the winter, there's no risk to the public's health."

While the eagles don't pose a risk to public health, both Baker and McFarlane encourage you to not touch or handle sick or dead birds, including eagles. Instead, call the nearest DWR office. A wildlife officer or a biologist will be dispatched to get the bird.

Dr. Bruce King, state veterinarian with the Utah Department of Agriculture and Food, says domestic livestock are safe too. "Because mosquitoes aren't active in the winter," he says, "we see no eminent danger to domestic livestock in Utah, including backyard chickens, horses, or other small or large farm operations."

Grebes will be gone soon

McFarlane says the migration of eared grebes through Utah is almost over for the winter. "By the second week of January," she says, "almost all of the grebes will be gone."

West Nile virus can live for a few days in the carcass of a bird that has just died, however, so there's still a chance that additional eagles will get sick and die, even after the grebes leave. But the risk to eagles should decrease quickly.

McFarlane says between 750 and 1,200 bald eagles visit Utah in the winter. "Even though it's difficult to watch eagles die," she says, "the deaths that have and still might occur won't affect the overall health of the bald eagle population that winters in Utah or the overall population in theUnited States."

On the morning of Dec. 31, the number of eagles that had died in Utah stood at 27 birds. Twenty-one of those birds were found dead in the wild. Six additional birds died while being treated at rehabilitation centers.

On the morning of Dec. 31, rehabilitation centers were treating five sick eagles. The sick eagles appear to be responding well to the treatments.

For more information, go to: http://wildlife.utah.gov/